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Some important terms of chemistry for exam point of view

 Drugs are low molecular masses chemicals which are interacted with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response. When the biological response is therapeutic and useful then the chemicals are called is called medicine.


Antacid: A kind of drug which is used to neutralize the acid level in our body is called antacid. Example: - backing soda, metal hydroxyl like Al (oh) 3


Antiseptic: - a kind of drug which is applied to the cut, wounds, ulcer, etc. to protect from the septic (a kind of skin disease. Example: - Dettol


Dettol is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol     


The tincture of iodine is a 2.3% solution of iodine in alcohol, which is a powerful antiseptic.


Antihistamine: - Antihistamine is a type of drug which is used for the treatment of allergies. Example: - Avil, diphenhydramine. 


Analgesic: - It is a type of drug which is used to relieve pain. It is two types:-

Narcotic (Morphine) and Non-narcotic (Aspirin)


Tranquilizer: - It is a type of drug which is used for the treatment of mental stress. Example: - heroine.


Disinfectant: - It is a type of drug that is used to kill or stop the growth of microorganisms but is harmful to live cells.


Antipyretics: - it is a type of drug which is used to decrease body temperature during high fever.


Antibiotics: - it is a type of drug which is produced by living cells and capable of inhibiting the life process of microorganisms.


 Food preservatives: - Compounds that are used to protect food from bacteria, yeasts, and molds.


Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of saturated and unsaturated long-chain carboxylic acid containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms (fatty acid).


Advantage of soap:-

1) It is a biodegradable

2) It does not create any pollution.

Disadvantage:-

1) It cannot be used in hard water

2) It cannot be used in acidic solutions.


 Advantage of detergent:-

1) It can be used in hard water as well as acidic water

The disadvantage of detergent:-

1) It is not biodegradable. So it causes water pollution.

2) It is also harmful to aquatic animals.


 Galvanic cell: - it is a device that can change the chemical energy of a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy is called a galvanic cell. Example: - daniel cell.



Electrolytic cell: - the cell which can be used to change the electrical energy of a non-spontaneous redox reaction into chemical energy is called an electrolytic cell. 



Salt Bridge: - Salt Bridge is u shaped tube that can be used to maintain electricity in half cells.


Electrode potential: - the potential difference which is produced between two electrodes when electrons move from one electrode to another electrode. There are two types:-


Oxidation electrode potential: - tendency of an electrode to lose electrons or to get oxidized is called oxidation electrode potential.


Reduction electrode potential: - tendency of an electrode to gain electrode or to get reduced is called reduction electrode potential.


Standard electro potential: - when the concentration of all the species involves in a half cell reaction as a unity then the electrode potential is known as standard electrode potential.


The main function of the salt bridge: - to complete the circuit by allowing the ions to flow from one solution to another without mixing it to maintain the electrical neutrality in half cells.


Cell potential: - the difference between the electrode potential of two-electron consisting of an electrochemical cell 


Electrolyte: - electrolytes are the substances that allow electricity to pass through them in their molten state. There are two types of electrolyte –

      1)  Strong electrolyte

      2)  Weak electrolyte


Weak electrolyte: -The electrolytes which are not ionized in solution such type of electrolyte is called a weak electrolyte.


Strong electrolyte: - the electrolytes which are almost completely ionized in solution such type of electrolyte is called a strong electrolyte.


Molar conductivity: - It is defined as the conducting power of all the ions produced by dissolving one mole of electrolyte in solution is called molar conductivity.


Limiting molar conductivity: - when concentration approaches zero is called limiting molar conductivity.


Kohlrausch law of independent migration: - this law state that the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as some of the individual contributions of anion and cation of the electrolyte


Faraday's first law: - this law state that the mass of a substance is deposited at a particular electrode is directly proportional to the amount of charge passing through the electrolyte.


 Faraday's second law: - when an amount of electricity pass through the different electrolyte, connected in series, the weight of the substance produce at the electrode is directly proportional to their chemical equivalent weight.


 Metallic conductor: - in a metallic conductor, the current is flowing due to the flow of electrons. In the case of metallic conductors, resistance increases with an increase in temperature.


Electrolytic conductor: - in the electrolytic conductor, current flows due to flows of ions. In the case of electrolytic conductors, resistance decreases in increases in temperature.

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